To grasp the significant transformations in Hindu schools of philosophy and social dynamics during the 7th and 8th centuries in South India, it is crucial to delve into the historical context. A prominent figure in this period, Aadi Shankara, hailing from Kerala, played a pivotal role in challenging orthodox Brahmanical Hinduism. Shankara fearlessly rejected the ritualistic practices of mimansa and the belief in multiple deities. Instead, he embraced Buddhist principles of sannyasa and sanga, skillfully integrating them into Hinduism. Shankara introduced the monotheistic philosophy of Advaitha as a community practice, bridging the gap between the Hindu concept of God and the Buddhist notion of void (parabhrama in Hinduism) through the concept of Maya.
Furthermore, the emergence of two saints from Dalit communities within Shaivism and Vaishnavism during this era holds profound significance. Nandanar, a Shaivaite Nayanar saint, and Tirupana Alvar, a Vaishnavite Alvar saint, rose to prominence as religious figures in Hinduism, leaving an indelible impact. These instances underscore a period marked by socio-political upheaval and reformation within Hinduism, particularly in South India.
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the socio-cultural reformation that characterized this era in Indian history, further exploration is imperative. This subject remains obscured by interpretations from both right and left-wing perspectives of Indian history. Additionally, it is essential to acknowledge that during this period, Islam made its presence felt on the southern coast, particularly in Kozhikode.
Nandanar
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